CELL DIVISION
All cells of any plant or animal have come from a single initial cell by a division process. Many living cells are capable of dividing to produce new cells for growth and repair, however, there is a second type of cell division that is specially created to give rise to gametes (sex cells) required for reproduction cell (and also one of the two types of spores).
Cell division can be so that is kept in the daughter cells the number of chromosomes in the mother cell (diploid envelope). However, it can also be reductional, that is, when the two daughter cells are endowed of a burden halved chromosome (haploid), about the stem cell.
1. CELL NUCLEUS
is characteristically surrounded by a membrane, is spherical and measures about 5-8 mm in diameter. Within the nucleus, the DNA molecules and proteins are organized into chromosomes that often appear arranged in identical pairs. The chromosomes are very twisted and tangled and difficult to identify separately. But just before the cell divides, condense and acquire thick enough to be detectable as separate structures. The DNA within each chromosome is a single very long molecule, which is convoluted, and contains linear sequences of genes. These in turn contain coded instructions for building the proteins and RNA molecules needed to produce a functional copy of the cell.
The core is surrounded by a double membrane composed of two lipid bilayers, and the interaction with the rest of the cell (ie cytoplasm) occurs through holes called nuclear pores. The nucleolus is a special region in which ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA) needed to form the two immature members of the ribosome subunits, which migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores, which join to form functional ribosomes.
The nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm sending molecular messengers. It produces the synthesis of long chains of heterogeneous nuclear RNA from the instructions contained in DNA (transcription). These strings are modified (transformation) to become shorter fragments of messenger RNA (mRNA) that only a small percentage go to the cytoplasm through pores nuclear. Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA attaches to ribosomes and encodes the primary structure of protein (translation).
2. REPRODUCTION PROCESS
Every living organism needs to play its cell body or its cells, either for growth, to replace the structure or the mere reproduction.
The first type of division has known the name of Mitosis and developed in all cells in the direct lineage of the original line still in its growth. The second type of division, called meiosis, takes place only in germ cells, where they produce gametes (sperm and eggs), then carrying a haploid set of chromosomes. When male and female gametes merge, at the time of fertilization, will produce again a cell with diploid chromosome number typical of the species to which they belong; of this cell derived then the entire body. 2.1 Playback
Mitosis is the process of cell division by which a new cell takes on a number of chromosomes identical to its parent. This cell division involves the equal sharing of cellular material between the two daughter cells. Thus, mitosis is a mechanism that allows cells to distribute in the same duplicate material quantities during interphase.
Mitosis consists of 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The cell in the resting stage (interphase), has a core in which the chromatic substance is lightly colored and is in an almost diffuse. At the beginning in prophase, the centrioles split and the centrosomes are directed toward the cell poles to form the so-called spindle. In metaphase, the cell membrane disappears and the chromosomes are attached at equal distance from both poles in a plane perpendicular to the spindle. In anaphase, the chromosomes are split longitudinally into two daughter chromosomes into two equal groups that are directed towards the spindle poles achromatic. Finally, in telophase, the character appears reticular nucleus, spindle fibers cease to exist, the nuclear membrane and cell division is complete. 2.2 Playback
Meiosis is the process of cell division by which a cell divides to give rise to sex cells (gametes). There is a twofold division of germ cells to reduce by half the number of chromosomes and, therefore, causes haploid cells. Meiosis is an appropriate mechanism for the distribution of genes among gametes, so that allows random recombination and segregation. It is possible to distinguish two separate divisions: the first division Y la segunda división Meiotic Meiotic. Each of these una divisione pueden en su time dividirse different phases.
Courtesy: María Camila atay Parales
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